Many techniques might be used to reduce the tension arising from dissonant ideas in this case. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is, intelligence with the Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory and the situational approach to leadership (Northouse, 2010). This is known as the principle of cognitive consistency. One way of doing this is to change our negative attitude and decide that the behavior is not so bad after all. Any comparison of the bad features of the chosen product and the good features of the product not chosen results in dissonance. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) tested this hypothesis by having subjects perform a series of extremely tedious tasks and then paying some of them to lie and tell prospective subjects that they were a lot of fun. Herbert J. Greenwald. The … The theory of dissonance is here applied to the problem of why partial reward, delay of reward , and effort expenditure during training result in increased resistance to extinction. It is especially relevant to decision-making and problem-solving. the one emphasized by a narrowly defined cognitive dissonance theory could produce a similar effect. Introduction Discuss the basic assumptions of dissonance theory including factors influencing the magnitude of dissonance and two ways to reduce dissonance. He might, as Brown (1965) suggests, “control his flow of information, seeking out reports of reassuring research and avoiding the lung-cancer statistics. Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and behavior in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance). Two cognitions that are unconnected, like “Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player ever” and “Cigarettes can kill smokers,” are irrelevant. My wife’s aunt had shared a HuffPost op-ed titled, “I’m An ER Doctor In NYC. the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits. o Discuss the assumptions of House’s Path goal theory. Assumptions of Cognitive Dissonance Theory 1) Human beings desire consistency in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors Stability and consistency 2) Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies It refers to the fact that cognitions must be psychologically inconsistent with one another to arouse cognitive dissonance. 1. The theory of cognitive dissonance is subjected to scientific criteria for a theory and found wanting. Immigrants accounted for 13 percent of the total 316 million U.S. residents and adding the U.S.-born children of immigrants means that approximately 80 million people, or one-quarter of the overall U.S. population, of Contents | Page N° | What are the consequences of experiencing eudaimonic emotions when experiencing narratives? Festinger and Carlsmith set up an ingenious experiment which would allow for a direct test of cognitive dissonance theory versus a behavioral/reinforcement theory. What is a theory? Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. In a situation where both consonant cognitions (aligned with your own) and dissonant cognitions are involved, the magnitude of dissonance will be a result of the proportion of consonant to dissonant elements. First, it influences how marketing personnel work with each other and with other departments to deliver value and customers. It might be expected that after the fateful day had passed they would resolve their dissonance by losing faith in the prophet who had made the prediction. 2. See CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY,REJUDICE. This is called ‘’cognitive consistency’’. Dissonance theory applies to all situations involving attitude formation and change. This unsettling feeling brings about intense motivation to get rid of the inconsistency. 03 | Techniques | 05 | According to the theory, we all recognize, at some level, when we are acting in a way that is inconsistent with our beliefs/attitudes/opinions. Additionally, a good theory consists of a system of concepts which means that the theorist were able to make connections among his ideas. Psychologist Leon Festinger first described the theory of cognitive dissonance in 1957. Our “pet hates,” for instance, do not cause us much discomfort if we keep them to ourselves, even though we know they are irrational and unjustified, but if we voice them in public or express them in action we are likely to feel somewhat embarrassed and uncomfortable. The self thereby loses contact with large segments of inner and outer experience, and the increasing opposition between reality and self leads to tension, anxiety, and a lowered sense of self-identity and self-direction.” As a consequence, the individual lives “in perpetual jeopardy” and resorts to greater and greater defensive maneuvers. Assumptions1) Human desire consistency in their belief, attitudes and behavior2)Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies which refers to the fact that cognitions must be psychologically inconsistent with one another to arouse cognitive dissonance3)Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions with measurable effects . Course Summary In this way the concept of cognitive dissonance helps to account for the vicious circle that lies behind neurotic behavior. 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