Such activities are intimately linked with the culture and tradition of the Assamese people since long past. Some years the silk quality is high, while other years the farmers suffer financially because of poor crops. Assam Silk. Muga silkworm is a holometabolous insect passing through complete metamorphosis from egg to adult. The first reference to Assam silk was probably in Valmiki's Ramayana. of Assam. Zool 6: 262-267. The practice of rearing silkworm on 'Mejankari' & 'Chapa' tree is completely abandoned by the people due to non-availability of feed plants and high mortality rate of muga silkworm on these plants. The fact that Kamrupa produced Suvarnakudyaka is confirmed by the 8th century writer Kumārila Bhaṭṭa who, in his commentary of Arthashatra, said that the Muga silk was a product of Kamrupa(Kamarupeschaiva Suvarna Kudyah). The Indian tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta is a natural fauna of tropical India, represented by more than 20 ecoraces. Itself by silk fibres and turns into pupa Muga silkworm, Tasar silkworm, Tasar silkworm, and eri.! Muga silk, is obtained from the Antheraea Assamensis silkworm. The silk has an extraordinaire sheen and has the signature ‘silky’ texture, silk is known for. Eri Silk is derived from domesticated silkworms and has a creamy white color. ), formerly named as Machilus bombycina (King ex Hook. Designed & Developed byNational Informatics Centre (NIC), Nodal DepartmentSecretariat Administration Department,Govt. Weight: 100g. Feed on the aromatic leaves of Som and Soalu plants. Rearing of Muga silkworm Muga silkworm rear in out door on tree. It is organic and … Out of this, Vakula and Naga-vriksa belong to the genus Ericales and Magnolia which the Muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis is known to feed on; while Likucha and Vata belong to the genus Moraceae(Mulberry) which the Pat Silkworm feeds on. Kautilya’s Arthashastra, a political literature of the 3rd century BC, makes references t… [3] It was previously reserved for the use of royalty. These silks are categorized according to the kind of silkworms from which they are derived. Due to this adoption of the clothing style of native rulers, Muga production received patronage from the Ahom dynasty in the later period of their rule. One tree can be utilized for two rearing in a year alternately during spring and autumn, thus one full grown tree can yield 1000 cocoons in a year and 5 trees are required to produce 5000 cocoons which yield one kg. Muga and eri are non-mulberry silks and pat is mulberry silk. ... Muga Silk Type. The practice of raising silkworm on ‘ mejankari ' & 'chapa' tree is entirely abandoned now a days due to non-availability of feeder plants and high death rate of muga silkworms. of Assam. Owing to domestication, a large number of strains have evolved out, which produce cocoons of various shapes, sizes, weights and colours ranging from white to yellow. The larva of the Muga Silkworm feed of the leaves of a number trees species, most belonging to the family Lauraceous. Once mature, they prefer leaves from sweet gum, hickory, walnut or! The Central Silk Board of India has been granted the authority to inspect muga silk products, certify their authenticity and allow producers to use the GI logo. Muga silk has an amazing golden color that is very unique and creates fabulous designs. Muga Silk. Thus, naturally the silkworm invites a comparatively large numbers of pests and predators that feed on them causing a considerable loss to the silkworm crop. [17] Silk was given royal patronage during that period and Sualkuchi was made an important centre of Silk weaving. Silkworm farms and manufacturers that keep the worms have the option to feed their worms a special artificial mulberry diet. We have tried to link all Information & Services together to help you locate them faster. [10] Due to this description of colour, the type of silk can be easily identified as Muga. ... and insecticides used in small and big tea gardens had been a threat to silk as silkworms are very sensitive to silkworms. The craft of weaving goes along with the production of silk. the 16th century[15], which denotes they wore black cotton clothes till the 16th century similar to the other Tais of Yunnan and Burma. Most of the research and development of technology is confined to China, India, and Japan in Asia. The logo has been registered with the Assam Science Technology and Environment Council. Workers feed the hungry silkworms fresh, chopped mulberry leaves eight times a day. Eri silk is the product of the domesticated silkworm; Feeds mainly on castor leaves; Eri culture is a household activity practiced, a delicacy for the tribal; Mainly in the north-eastern states and Assam; Muga Silk. Muga silk was recognized as a protected geographical indication (GI) in 2007, and was granted a GI logo for trademark purposes in 2014. Genetic research on silkworms show that Assam silk originated in two specific regions of Assam. In the Kishkindha Kanda of Ramayana, it is stated that one travelling towards the east has to first pass through Magadha, Anga, Pundra and then the Kosha-karanam-bhumi ("the country of cocoon rearers"). common muga silk fed on 'Som', 'Sualu' and 'Dighlati' trees. They feed on the leaves of mulberry trees. Both the plants can be propagated through seeds. A document repository where all types of the documents of the organization can be searched and located in the shortest possible time. The text also states that the fibre was spun while the threads were wet, indicating that the production method was still the same at that period.[11]. Details of the completed and ongoing projects can be obtained. The knowledge of sericulture probably arrived with the Tibeto-Burman groups which arrived from China around the period of 3000-2000 BC. [19], India produced 158 tonnes of muga silk in FY 2014–15, out of which 136 tonnes were produced in Assam. [2], Sericulture in Assam is an ancient industry without a precise time of origin. Food plants of Muga silkworm. Enzymes and silkworm meal improved growth performance and decreased feed intake. Muga silk is produced only in Assam and nowhere else. Host plants of Muga silkworm. Sualkuchi is said to have been established in the 11th Century by King Dharma Pala of the Pala dynasty that ruled western Assam from 900 AD to about 1100 AD. You can find information on Our Ministers, Key Officials, Our Vision,Mission and Functions and more details about our department here. [4], In the Brahmaputra Valley, the larvae of the Assam silkmoth feed on aromatic Som (Machilus bombycina) and Sualu (Litsea polyantha) leaves. Standardised Website Framework of Govt. Muga silk, which is mainly produced by the Garo community of Assam, is obtained from semi-domesticated multivoltine silkworm, Antheraea Assamensis. Life history • The moth is multivoltine the entire life cycle lasts for about 50 days in summer and 120 days in winter. Pebrine is the most serious disease of muga silkworm caused by a protozoan of Nosema sp. Domestic silkmoth, scientifically referred to as Bombyx mori, is a moth belonging to the family Bombycidae. Out of this the most important ones include the silk items and other precious jewels. Queens were personally involved in training weavers. f.) and Soalu (Litsea monopetela Roxb.= polyantha Juss.) The silkworms are reared out door and as such are exposed to vagaries of nature. [6][7][8] Kautilya’s Arthashastra, a political literature of the 3rd century BC, makes references to the highly sophisticated silk clothing from Assam. Silkworm contains 54% protein (%kcal), 43% fat (%kcal), 0.5% calcium (mg/kcal), 0.6% phosphorus (mg/kcal) which are comparatively higher than other insects. “It is therefore clear that in ancient times traders from different parts of Tibet, Central Asia and China flocked to Assam through various routes, and as they traded mostly in silk, they were generally called Seres – Cirrahadoi – Syrities – Cirata-Kirata. It is also mentioned in the text that the silk fibres were so even and polished that it resembled Bhoj-patra(golden in colour). 150 days in winter. Known for its golden brown color and glossy texture. The price of silk fluctuates with market supply and demand. ), Katholua (Cyclicodaphne nitida Roxb. ), formerly named as Machilus bombycina (King ex Hook. Although Silk was cultivated and woven by women all around Assam, the silk clothes of a particular place named Sualkuchi achieved much fame during the Kamarupa as well as Ahom rule. ), Bhomloti (Symplocous grandifolia Wall. It grew to such sophistication in Assam that it was known all over India and abroad. India's total silk output in the same period amounted to 28,708 tonnes. of muga silk. These are found only in the state of Assam, India and feed on Persea bombycina and … The word Kirata therefore, is a general term referring to the people of the Mongolian origin and it refers specially to the Bodos.” These Bodos referred by Nath are today known as Bodo-Kacharis which includes groups such as Chutias, Boros, Dimasas, Rabhas, Sonowal, Garo, Koch and many more. It is obtained from semi-domesticated multivoltine silkworm, Antheraea assamensis. ), Patihonda (Actinodaphnae obovata Blume), Gamari (Gamelina arborea Linn.) There are four main species of silkworms, namely Mulberry silkworm, Muga silkworm, Tasar silkworm, and Eri silkworm. In fact muga, "the golden fibre" is produced only in Assam and it has also tremendous export potentiality. Assam)". It is an economically important insect and the chief producer of silk. f.) and Soalu (Litsea monopetela Roxb.= polyantha Juss.) and few other food plants, likewise Digloti (Litsaea salicifolia Hook), Mejankari … Whatever may be the date of the introduction of the worm, its geographical distribution at present day, and the fact species first introduced was a multivoltine, seem to me to lead to the conclusion that the insect was first introduced into India from the north-east (i.e. The Ahom kings also kept many costly muga Some moths are single brooded or univoltine and others are many brooded or multivoltine. The Arthashatra also refers to four trees (Vakula, Likucha, Vata and Naga-vriksa) which the silkworms feed on. ), formerly named as Machilus bombycina (King ex Hook. It is produced from the Muga silkworm which is a semi-domesticated silkworm. The Indian word ‘sari’ is probably derived from the same word. The Hand-loom industry of Sualkuchi encompasses cotton textile, silk textile as well as Khadi cloth which are, in fact, traditional cloth endowing high social and moral value in and outside the state. Wild silkmoths include tasar silkworm, eri-silkworm, oak-tasar silkworm and muga silkworm. They reported larval weight, larval duration and larval survival differed in Som and Soalu … and few other food plants, likewise Digloti (Litsaea … The most important host species in Upper Assam Som tree and Lower Assam the Suala tree. They eat a variety of leaves from trees from the laurel and magnolia family and are usually raised directly on the trees until it’s time for them to make their cocoons. Content Ownership Directorate of Sericulture, Govt. Moreover, there was another trade of Silk through the Southwestern Silk road which started from China, passed through Burma and Assam, finally getting connected to the main silk road in Turkministan. The best performance was obtained with 50% silkworm pupae and supplementation with enzymes. Newborn silkworms must be fed young mulberry leaves because they are more tender than the older leaves; their mouths will not be able to eat the older leaves right away. ), Bogori or ber (Zizyphus jujuba Mill), Champa (Michelia champaca Linn. However, Sualkuchi is well known for silk textiles both mulberry and muga silk. [9] As per the Arthashatra, the fibres of Suvarnakudyaka were of 'the colour of butter', 'as red as the sun', and of the best quality. As per the Naoboicha Phukanar Buranji, Muga was adopted in the Ahom courts at later period. Muga group comprises of Antheraea assama Westwood, A. knyvetty, A. compta and A. helferi are endemic polyphagous insect and feeds on different host plant species mainly Som (Persea bombycina Kost. Muga is used in products like sarees, mekhalas, chaddars etc. Royalty and senior mandarins were prescribed clothing made of the silk. Kautilya mentions the production of Suvarnakudyaka (from Kamrupa) along with Vangika(from Vanga/southern Bengal) and Paundrika(from Pundra/northern Bengal), all of which were types of Kauseya(Tussar/Muga) and Cina-patta(Mulberry silk). ), Gansarai (Cinnamomum glanduliferum Meissu), Bojramoni (Xanthoxylum rhesta DC.). Specifications: Material: 100% Muga Silk. It is unique in being transmitted to offspring by transovarial/ transovum means from other moths. Panchapa (Magnolia sphenocarpa Roxb. The fabric was also a chief export of the Ahoms.[16]. "Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muga_silk&oldid=967845092, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Wild Silk from Assam with a yellowish golden tint, This page was last edited on 15 July 2020, at 17:28. The Muga silk … J.Geoghegan in his book "Silk in India" states that: "It is the Kiratas who introduced the cultivation of silk with its different varieties in Assam and it is from Assam that Silk was later introduced to mainland India. ], Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, "Non-wood products from organisms associated with temperate broad-leaved trees", "Kirata-jana-kriti", S.K. Silk is mainly produced by silkworm which is the larva of the silkmoth. If infection is primary, more than 50% larvae die before 3rd moult and rarely any larva goes for spinning. Fiber Discounts* Purchase 10 fiber items and receive 5% off each. As per the Sanskrit text Harshacharita (biography of North Indian ruler Harshavardhan written by the court poet Banabhatta in the 7th century), during the coronation ceremony of King Harshavardhan, king Bhaskarvarman of Kamrupa gifted many precious items to the North Indian king. Ram Mohan Nath in his book "The Background of Assamese culture states that: "The Kiratas,(an early Mongoloid race in Assam, were traders in silk, a word that was derived from the Mongolian original word ‘sirkek’. Muga Silk is produced by the Antherae genus of silkworm that feed on the soalu plant. Bombyx mori silkworms are domesticated silkworms. [14] Before that the Ahoms are said to have worn black-coloured clothes. Muga silk is produced by the muga silkworms, scientifically known as Antheraea assamensis, which are fed on som (Machilus bombycina) and sualu (Litsaea polyantha) leaves. Muga group comprises of Antheraea assama Westwood, A. knyvetty, A. compta and A. helferi are endemic polyphagous insect and feeds on different host plant species mainly Som (Persea bombycina Kost. Silkworm meal replaced fish meal without adverse effects. Muga worm feed on leaves of these trees. Dharmapala, the story goes, brought 26 weaver families from Tantikuchi in Barpeta to Sualkuchi and created a weavers' village close to modern-day Guwahati. Muga silk is prepared from the semi-cultivated silkworm called Antheraea Assamensis. The muga silkworms (Antheraea assamensis) also belong to the same genus as tasar worms, but produce an unusual golden-yellow silk thread which is very attractive and strong. The silkworms are moved to clean feeding trays once a day. Muga group comprises of Antheraea assama Westwood, A. knyvetty, A. compta and A. helferi are endemic polyphagous insect and feeds on different host plant species mainly Som Kost. Diseases and pests of muga silkworm Pebrine disease. Assam was well known for the production of high quality silk since ancient times. These included a white silk umbrella, sacks of woven silk and silken towels.[12]. These silkworms feed on the leaves of Som and Soalu plants and the silk produced from them is known for its glossy texture and durability. Assam was well known for the production of high quality silk since ancient times. It grew to such sophistication in Assam that it was known all over India and abroad. There are various other records to show that Silk came to India through Assam. Muga silk is a variety of wild silk geographically tagged[1] to the state of Assam in India. The Muga silkworm is a bit more independent. The Arthashatra also refers to four trees (Vakula, Likucha, Vata and Naga-vriksa) which the silkworms feed on. This silk can be hand-washed with its lustre increasing after every wash.[5] Muga silk, like other Assam silks, is used in products like saris, mekhalas and chadors. One was Garo Hills in the ancient Kamrupa kingdom and the other was Dhakuakhana in the ancient Chutiya kingdom. Silkworms mainly feed on mulberry leaves as well as other mulberry species. They feed on mulberry leaves only and the silk produced by them is the finest of them all. These silkworms feed on the leaves of Som and Soalu plants and the silk produced from them is known for its glossy texture and durability. [18] This board is also involved in R&D and infrastructure development for Assamese silk, including muga, through the Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute (CMER&TI) in Jorhat, Assam. Muga: This golden yellow color silk is prerogative of India and the pride of Assam state. These silkworms feed on the aromatic leaves of Som and Soalu plants and are reared on trees similar to that of tasar. Assam Buranji.D.H.A.S.,1945, p.70. Chatterjee, 1951, p. 95-96, Suhas Chatterjee, Indian Civilisation and Culture, p. 435, Padmeswar Naoboicha Phukan, Assam Buranji, p.30, "Muga Silk Industry of Assam in Historical Perspectives". The life cycle lasts for 50 days in summer and max. of Assam, North Eastern Region Textile Promotion Scheme(NERTPS), Species and improved cultivators of mulberry. The silk is known for its extreme durability and has a natural yellowish-golden tint[2] with a shimmering, glossy texture. [5], In 2015, Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju's research team at Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India, discovered the complete sequence and the protein structure of muga silk fibroin and published it in Nature Scientific Reports. As per the text, one of the Ahom kings upon the advise of his ministers took the decision of introducing Muga, Paat clothing and employed a thousand Muga producers and weavers from the Chutia community to weave royal garments in the capital. • This moth is semi-domesticated and can be raised outdoor. In the Assam Buranji, the Ahoms are mentioned as "Lunda-Munda Kula Kapur pindha luk"(black-clothed men) in The larvae of these moths feed on som (Machilus bombycina) and sualu (Litsaea polyantha) leaves.The silk produced is known for its glossy fine texture and durability. Silkworm raisers collect the silk unraveling the cocoons. This golden yellow colour silk. Silkworms eat mulberry leaves exclusively in nature. To protect themselves silkworm Find information about Projects. Muga Silkworm Seed Organization (MSSO) is the nodal agency for production and supply of muga basic seed. An artificial diet or sumac can feed only on tender leaves of mulberry plant, so named,! This is the silk once reserved for royalty. Assam Silk (Muga silk) is the product of the silkworm endemic to Assam. and few other food plants, likewise Digloti (Litsaea salicifolia Hook), Mejankari (Litsaea cubeba Lour. Out of this, Vakula and Naga-vriksa belong to the genus Ericales and Magnolia which the Muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis is known to feed on; while Likucha and Vata belong to the genus Moraceae(Mulberry) which the Pat Silkworm feeds on. Seeds of selected healthy plants ensure production of healthy seedlings. Ahom kings were known to keep many costly muga sets in the royal storehouse for presentation to distinguished visitors to their court. Muga Silkworm life cycle The tiny, newly hatched larva move high up in the top of Som or Suala tree and commence chewing the tender leaves. Som (Persea bombycina) and Soalu (Litsaea polyantha Juss) are the two primary food plants of muga silkworm. [20], [Mahanta,S. • Muga moth (“Muga Polu’ in Assamese) also has the same life cycle as other silkworms, i.e., egg, larva, pupa and adult. [13]There are also references of Assam silk in the records written by Huen Sang where he has written the use and trade of silk in Kamrupa during the rule of king Bhaskar Varman. The text also states that the fibre was spun … It is common in Assam where it feeds on soalu plants’ aromatic leaves. In the Kishkindha Kanda of Ramayana, it is stated that one travelling towards the east has to first pass through Magadha, Anga, Pundra and then the Kosha-karanam-bhumi ("the country of cocoon rearers"). A very important step in feeding silkworms … Muga silk can be dyed after bleaching. The mulberry silkworm is divided into three groups; univoltine (mainl… f.) and Soalu (Litsea monopetela Roxb.= polyantha Juss.) The craft of weaving goes along with the production of silk. ], conducted Muga silkworm rearing under indoor condition on wooden tray device up to 2nd in star on Som and Soalu leaves as feed throughout all rearing seasons. 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